There are different strains of avian influenza with some low pathogenicity strains detected in Australia and Victoria previously.
H5N1 is a new strain that has spread across the globe since 2021. To date, the H5N1 strain has not been detected in Australia. However, in February 2026 preliminary testing confirmed the presence of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza (H5 bird flu) in samples collected from wildlife species on Heard Island, a sub-Antarctic Australian external territory. Preparations are underway to ensure a swift response when the disease arrives in Australia.
Signs and symptoms in birds
- Lack of coordination, tremors, swimming in circles
- Twisted neck or other unusual posture
- Inability to stand or fly
- Diarrhoea
- Difficulty breathing, coughing or sneezing
- Swelling around the head, neck and eyes
- Cloudiness or change in colour of the eyes
Additional signs and symptoms in mammals
- Seizures
- Drooling
- Nasal discharge
In some species/cases, no or limited symptoms are present, and the animal may die suddenly or be found dead.
Health and safety
For those working with birds or other wildlife species, The Department of Health recommends the use of the following PPE items:
- Face masks or respirators (e.g., N-95, KN-95, FFP2 or equivalent)
- Eye protection (e.g., goggles or face shields)
- Disposable gown or coveralls
- Disposable protective shoe/boot covers or rubber or polyurethane boots
Members of the public should avoid all interaction with any animal exhibiting symptoms of H5N1.
Treatment
There is currently no known effective treatment for H5 infection.
Transmission
Wild birds are considered the natural host for the virus. H5 is transmitted by direct exposure to the virus in saliva, nasal secretions and droppings of infected birds or via indirect exposure to contaminated environments or objects (e.g. clothing, boots, equipment, etc.).
H5 rarely spreads from birds or other wildlife species to humans. However, it can happen if someone is in close contact with an infected species, their droppings or working in a heavily contaminated environment. It’s imperative that personal protective equipment is worn when handling birds or other wildlife species and that good hygiene practices are followed.
Reporting suspected H5
H5 is a nationally notifiable disease which means if you suspect an animal is showing signs or symptoms, you must report it. You can do this by calling the national Emergency Animal Disease Hotline on 1800 675 888.
Additional resources
Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action