High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza, HPAI H5N1, or H5N1, is a highly contagious respiratory disease impacting poultry, wild birds, and other species of animals. It causes severe illness and can be fatal.
There are different strains of avian influenza with some low pathogenicity strains detected in Australia and Victoria previously.
H5N1 is a new strain that has spread across the globe since 2021. To date, the H5N1 strain has not been detected in Australia. However, preparations are underway to ensure a swift response if the disease were to arrive in Australia.
Signs and symptoms in birds
lack of coordination, tremors, swimming in circles
twisted neck or other unusual posture
inability to stand or fly
diarrhoea
difficulty breathing, coughing or sneezing
swelling around the head, neck and eyes
cloudiness or change in colour of the eyes.
Additional signs and symptoms in mammals:
seizures
drooling
nasal discharge
In some species/cases, no or limited symptoms are present, and the animal may die suddenly or be found dead.
Treatment
There is currently no known effective treatment for H5N1 infection.
Transmission
Wild birds are considered the natural host for the virus. H5N1 is transmitted by direct exposure to the virus in saliva, nasal secretions and droppings of infected birds or via indirect exposure to contaminated environments or objects (e.g. clothing, boots, equipment, etc.).
H5N1 rarely spreads from birds or other wildlife species to humans. However, it can happen if someone is in close contact with an infected species, their droppings or working in a heavily contaminated environment. It’s imperative that personal protective equipment is worn when handling birds or other wildlife species and that good hygiene practices are followed.
Health and safety
For those working with birds or other wildlife species, The Department of Health recommends the use of the following PPE items:
Face masks or respirators (e.g., N-95, KN-95, FFP2 or equivalent)
Eye protection (e.g., goggles or face shields)
Disposable gown or coveralls
Disposable protective shoe/boot covers or rubber or polyurethane boots
Members of the public should avoid all interaction with any animal exhibiting symptoms of H5N1.
Reporting suspected H5N1
H5N1 is a nationally notifiable disease which means if you suspect an animal is showing signs or symptoms, you must report it. You can do this by calling the national Emergency Animal Disease Hotline on 1800 675 888.